MECHANICAL

Cast Iron Mechanical Properties

Cast Iron Mechanical Properties

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Cast iron has a lot of very good mechanical properties. According to my personal knowledge in Dandong Foundry in China, herein I listed some main chemical properties for the reference to purchasers.

1. Tensile strength

Tensile strength is the most crucial physical property for iron castings. Its unit is RmN/mm2. Tensile strength will show the strength of cast iron when it is pulled until broken. For instance, the ductile iron 60-40-18 has tensile strength of 60000 psi therefore, it is equal to 414 Mpa. As a result, if your parts require to use this material, then your supplier must keep their iron castings with min. 414 Mpa tensile strength.

2. Yield strength

Yield strength is an additional definition to define the strength of cast iron I do not speak about its actual which means here. It is not really required to verify this house considering that it just more deeply measure the strength of cast iron. The tensile strength has currently covered the most of needs to the strength. As for the ductile iron 60-40-18, its yield strength is 40000 psi, equal to about 276 Mpa.

three. Elongation

Often, elongation is quite crucial. High elongation implies the iron casting can be pulled to longer, which implies they have better ductility or called as malleability. For that reason, they will not be broken simply. The ductile iron has higher elongation than gray iron. As for the ductile iron 60-40-18, it has 18% elongation.

four. Hardness

Hardness is also crucial occasionally. As for the machined components, the hardness ought to not be also high to have an effect on the machining method. As usual, the Brinell hardness from 160-220 need to be a great range. Too higher may cause the challenging spots during machining, also low will impact the application. Some purchasers necessary the Rockwell hardness as the normal. As for the comparison among these two requirements, please check our blog.

Some purchasers will demand V Charpy Influence Test to get the influence home of cast iron. This test requirements the professional lab. to perform. As I know, most of iron foundries in China do not have this testing equipment.

This post was from Dandong Foundry. Please preserve this link!

http://www.iron-foundry.com/cast-iron-mechanical-properties.html
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Image from web page 605 of “Railway mechanical engineer” (1916)
mechanical engineering china
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Identifier: railwaymechanica93newy
Title: Railway mechanical engineer
Year: 1916 (1910s)
Authors:
Subjects: Railroad engineering Engineering Railroads Railroad vehicles
Publisher: New York, N.Y. : Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co
Contributing Library: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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ing-Suiyuan, ownand operate their personal dining vehicles. The second-class equipment is usually supplied withserviceable wooden seats and tlie third-class sometimes withcheaper seats, but regularly with benches in some in-stances, particularly when the coolie class is carried, noseats of any sort are offered. A single of the illustrationsshows the vestibules and one particular finish of a diner on the Peking-Mukden Railway. It will be noticed that there are nosteps to the vestibule platforms. This requires all stationplatforms to be constructed with only a low step from the vestibule.In no instance noted by tlie writer was any passenger equip-ment heated from tlie locomotive, the only hose connectionbeing the one for air brakes. FREIGHT Cars The initial equipment on the 1st Chinese railways (exceptthat bought from America) was of little capacity, andmuch of it can ideal be termed goods wagons, but thetendency has steadily been toward equipment of greatercapacity until right now virtually all new freight vehicles are

Text Appearing Following Image:
Kind of Freight Car Truck Used on the Pektng-Hankow Railway:Note the Vertical Plane Coupler on the End of the Vehicle 67,200 lb., or 30 extended tons capacity. All the Chinese rail-techniques use the British practice of a loading gauge. The sizeof gear is somewhat restricted, and it would appearvery desirable to increase this in the case of new railwayconstruction, to permit of the utilization of bigger equipmentas the visitors develops, especially if this improvement shouldbe along commodity lines. A freight-car truck in basic use on the Peking-Hankowline is shown in one of the illustrations and one more showsa standard box auto utilized on most of the Chinese railways. Itwas stated that this sort of construction is really satisfactoryon all the lines north of the Yangtze River, but that thedeterioration of the sheet iron on the southern lines, such asthe Shanghai-Nanking, is quite severe. With the scarcityof lumber in China, nevertheless, this design would seem tohave a lot merit. Automobile WHEELS The Briti

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Image from web page 318 of “Railway mechanical engineer” (1916)
mechanical engineering china
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Identifier: railwaymechanica96newy
Title: Railway mechanical engineer
Year: 1916 (1910s)
Authors:
Subjects: Railroad engineering Engineering Railroads Railroad cars
Publisher: New York, N.Y. : Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co
Contributing Library: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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summary ofa portion of these tests for one steel containing .62 per centcarbon, three.S per cent chromium, IS.five per cent tungsten and1.6 per cent vanadium was created. An interesting featureis the effect of the temperature of preheating on the cuttingc|ualities of the tools, as expressed by the pounds of metalcut. This is shown in the table beneath: PreluatiliR mill, at 1,400 dcg. F.min. at 1.500 deg. F.min. at 1,6110 deg. F.min. at 1,600 dcg. F.Note—All testinq condil at 2,417 deg. F.—Oil at two,417 deg. P.—Oil at two,417 deg. F.—Oil at two,417 deg. F.—Water netal reduce per tool (fourimIs tested) The final results obtained when making use of water as the quenchingmedium are about the same as when employing oil.

Text Appearing Following Image:
Heavy Mallet Locomotive for Pekin-Suiyuan Biggest Locomotives Exported or Operated Outsideof the I nited States Now in Service in China IT is somewhat startling to tind that the biggest locomotivesthat have (.er been ^xpor.td t.(in .his e:.untry and themost effective in operation outside of the United Statesare these shipped by the American Locomotive Companyto the Pekin-Suiyuan Railway in China. Even though thisancient nation is most inadequately offered with rail-road facilities and most of the transportation is nonetheless carriedon l&gty the exact same methods that have been in vogue for cen-turies, this railroad is strikingly progressive. Additionally,it has been Imilt and is now operated solely by Chmese.Ihe greater portion of the line was laid out and constructedunder the path of Dr. Jeme Tren-Yow, chief engineer..ftcr graduating from Yale University in 18X1, he returnedto his native land and rose to such a ])osition that he wasrecognized as the most prominent Chinese civil engineer.On

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Image from web page 568 of “Railway mechanical engineer” (1916)
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Identifier: railwaymechanica93newy
Title: Railway mechanical engineer
Year: 1916 (1910s)
Authors:
Subjects: Railroad engineering Engineering Railroads Railroad automobiles
Publisher: New York, N.Y. : Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co
Contributing Library: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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About This Book: Catalog Entry
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r-residence was operating. The fan was driven at onetime by a jacked-up Ford automobile, but mostly by a venerable port-capable steam engine, salvaged from a scrap-heap. By the finish of 1917, however, the establishment was up to m^^^ ■•:^^^f^^. 1 -. T^T_. ■ , ^^W^^i j8sd«gg«r,if., Machine Shop Throughout Installation of Machine Tools, September, 1917 There have been officers and guys from India, China, South Africa,South America and Australia and numbers of other folks whohad in no way been outside the Old Nation prior to the war.There was nothing at all of trades union restriction about thesemen. Machinists, blacksmiths, boilermakers, pattern-makersor moulders, dug and mixed concrete for foundations, constructed strength and the shops virtually in complete swing. There had beenlo5 locomotives erected and a start off had been produced with heavy—some very heavy—repairs. Up to the finish of December, 1918, 2J2 new locomotiveswere erected and 370 engines were repaired, two,073 pairs ofwheels were turned up and 275 wheels re-tired, 737 tons of

Text Appearing Following Image:
The Foundry as it Appeared December. 1917: Note the Cupola Constructed Out of a Corrugated Furnace huts, erected shops, rigged derricks or did the subsequent job thathad to be completed, whatever it may be. The erection of engines imported from Canada and theUnited States was commenced nearly as quickly as the machinetool et|uipment started to arrive and months before the craneswere u|i, and proceeded simultaneously with the constructing andinternal preparation of the shops. The very first two engines wereturned out with each other early in July, 1917. forgings have been turned out, two,186 tons of iron castings and 168tons of brass. The average output for 1918 is shown in thetable. All through the operation of the shops the function was grave-ly handicapped by the extraordinar) range of engines to bedealt with, the exceptionally bad situation of a lot of that hadworked for years with out a very good repair, the paucity of operate-ing drawings and the impossibility of either acquiring or 550 RAILWAY MECHANICAL ENGINEER Vol. 93, No. 9 sustain

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140630-N-TG831-019
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140630-N-TG831-019 SOUTH CHINA SEA (June 30, 2014) Gas Turbine Program Technician (Mechanical) 2nd Class David Valentini, from Duluth, Georgia, assigned to the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Kidd (DDG one hundred), stands watch inside the ship’s central engineering center. Kidd is presently on patrol in the U.S. 7th Fleet location of responsibility supporting regional safety and stability in the Indo-Asia Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Declan Barnes/Released)

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Decoding Cancer

Image by Planet Economic Forum
Jeffrey M. Drazen, Editor-in-Chief, The New England Journal of Medicine, USA, Cao Xuetao, President, Chinese Academy of Health-related Sciences, People’s Republic of China, Katrine Bosley, Chief Executive Officer, Editas Medicine, USA and Lydia Sohn, Professor, Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA at the World Economic Forum – Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Dalian, People’s Republic of China 2015. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Sikarin Fon Thanachaiary

Image from web page 82 of “Railway mechanical engineer” (1916)

Image by World wide web Archive Book Pictures
Identifier: railwaymechanica96newy
Title: Railway mechanical engineer
Year: 1916 (1910s)
Authors:
Subjects: Railroad engineering Engineering Railroads Railroad automobiles
Publisher: New York, N.Y. : Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co
Contributing Library: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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83 83 1,949 1916 1,732 70 1,802 37 37 1,839 1917 1,924 31 1,955 45 45 two,000 1918 1,480 92 1,572 1 1 1,503 1919 306 85 391 160 160 551 1920 1.272 168 1,440 ■Includes Canadian output. ■i^Consists of Canadian output and equipment constructed in business shops. vehicle list only Ijecause they will presumably be operated in pas-senger trains. South America and China have been the biggest foreign buy-ers. The Argentine Government ordered 53, the ChileanState Railways ordered ten, and railways in Colombia, 28.The Tientsin-Pukow of China gave us an order for 45. Itis noteworthy that in the case of the Chilean and Tientsin-Pukow automobiles, all-steel construction was specified. Of the Total of 1,739 passenger automobiles owned by the Pacificsystem of the Southern Pacific, 890 are all-steel, 812 are woodand 37 are of steel underframe construction. The very first steelcoach, constructed as an experiment, was completed in the Sacramentashops of the firm in 1906, and no wooden passenger carshave been constructed by the company given that 1910.

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The First Steam Turl^ine Locomotive THE first steam turbine locomotive actually constructedwas created in 1907 by Professor Belluzzo of theEcole Polytechnique, Milan, Italy, and given its mitialtrial run in 1908 at the performs of the Societe AnonymeOfficine Meccaniche, Milan. An old four-wheel regular gage switching locomotive wa.,emploved for the purposes of the test, the clinders and otherparts of the reciprocating engine getting removed and turbmesand npcessar manage mechanism substituted. This engmehad 47ii-in.driving wheels, a wheel base of 6 ft. six)4 in., aheating surface of 646 sq. ft. and carried a boiler pressureof 145 lb. per sq. in. The weight soon after conversion was 57,300 lb. . . J Four turbines were emploved, one turbine getting gearedto every enri of the two a.xles. Steam was admitted from theboiler to the fonvard turbine on the proper hand side, andafter passing through this turbine it was additional expandedthrough the rear turbine on the right hand side, then passedto the left

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Materials in Mechanical Engineering

Materials in Mechanical Engineering

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by tom$

Engineering components, in principle, may be divided into four main classes:

Metals
Ceramics and glasses
Polymers and elastomers
Composites

Supplies belonging to a single of these classes exhibit comparable properties, processing routes, and most typically applications as well. The criteria for the material choice are rather complex and depend on the intended application goal. To the principal design and style criteria belong strength, stiffness, fracture toughness, formability, capability to join, corrosion resistance, and coefficient of thermal expansion, price, and final but not least the capacity to recycle.

Iron-primarily based materials are the most widely employed metallic materials, primarily simply because of their comparatively affordable manufacturing and their massive flexibility. Accordingly, the properties of Fe-primarily based components can be varied to a great extent, allowing precise adaptation to particular application specifications ranging from higher-strength, high-temperature, and put on-resistant alloys for tools to soft or hard ferromagnetic alloys for applications in the electrical industries. Pure iron, even so, is only of minor significance in structural applications given that its mechanical properties are just inadequate. Alloying with carbon leads to the most crucial groups of constructional alloys, namely:

1. Steels with a carbon content material of up to about 2.06% carbon (if not stated otherwise all compositions are giving in wt. %)

2. Cast iron, which virtually consists of 2.5–5% carbon.

Ceramic and glass materials are complex compounds and solid options containing metallic and nonmetallic components, which are composed either by ionic or covalent bonds. Standard properties of glasses and ceramics include high hardness, high compressive strength, high brittleness, higher melting point, and low electrical and thermal conductivity. There are several methods in which ceramics may possibly be classified, such as by chemical composition, properties or applications. Polymers (polymer components, polymeric components, strong polymers, and macromolecular materials) consist of quite massive molecules (chain molecules, macro molecules) which are synthesized from little molecules (monomers, monomer units) by a chemical reaction named polymerization. The polymerization reactions can be classified into four groups.  Chain polymerization proceeds by the reaction of a monomer unit with the reactive website at the finish of a polymer chain. These are mainly reactions by way of a radical mechanism. The terminus condensation chain polymerization is utilized in circumstances exactly where a low-molar-mass byproduct is formed during polymerization. In polycondensation currently generated polymer chains react with each and every other or with a monomer unit whereby a low-molar-mass byproduct is generated. Elastomers (rubber-like polymers) consist, similarly to thermoplastics, of linear molecules, but the molecule chains are bridged by modest-molecule segments via covalent bondings. The molecules can therefore undergo a robust elastic deformation at area temperature. This effect is due to the stretching of the molecules out of the disordered state if a load is applied, and a re-deformation into the random tangle of molecules due to the enhanced entropy, right after the load is released. Composite supplies are formed when two supplies which belong to various material classes are combined to attain properties which are not supplied by the original components. Achievable combinations are:

Metal–ceramics
Metal–polymer
Ceramic–polymer

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