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Lion’s Head
Image by Maia C
Cast iron, 11th-12th century China. Originally element of a temple sculpture.
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Entrance lobby to four cages
Image by Pondspider
Every of the white sheets of plywood is the front wall of a cage.
There are 1.three million individuals living in poverty in Hong Kong. Over one hundred,000 these reside in subdivided flats in "cage dwellings" or cubicle houses. The residents are the single elderly, new immigrants, low revenue families and men and women with mental and physical disabilities – the most vulnerable and needy groups in society. In April 2010, the AWA (American Women’s Association, with each other with HKIS delivered donations of meals and toiletries to the residents of this kind of accommodation.
If you are interested in obtaining out far more, take a appear at the internet site of the Society for Community Organization (SoCo)
www.soco.org.hk/rights/rights_primary_e.htm
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The Soviet WWII Ground-Attack Aircraft Ilyushin Il-10 ‘Shturmovik’. Poland. 1945. Советский штурмовик Ил-10. Польша 1945 г.
Image by Peer.Gynt
DIGITALLY COMPOSED IMAGE
The original aircraft is exposed in Central AirForce Museim, Monino.
Ilyushin Il-10 (Cyrillic Илью́шин Ил-ten, NATO reporting name: "Beast") was a Soviet ground attack aircraft developed at the finish of Globe War II by the Ilyushin construction bureau. It was also license-built in Czechoslovakia by Avia as the Avia B-33.
Improvement
From the start of Eastern Front combat in Globe War II, the Soviet Air Force (VVS) utilized the effective ground attack aircraft Ilyushin Il-two Sturmovik, powered by the Mikulin AM-38 inline engine. As the war progressed, the Soviets laid plans for that aircraft’s successor. The principal objective was to increase speed and maneuverability at low altitudes, primarily to evade tiny-caliber anti-aircraft artillery, which was the major threat for ground attack aircraft, and to eliminate some of the Il-2’s faults. The most promising project was a modern day, light and maneuverable close assault aircraft, the Sukhoi Su-six, developed by Pavel Sukhoi’s bureau from 1942. At the same time, Sergei Ilyushin developed a heavier aircraft, the VSh or Il-8 M-71, derived from the Il-two style, and on which it was partly based. Each projects were powered by the prototype M-71 radial engine, which did not enter production.
In 1943, Ilyushin began perform on a new aircraft, Il-1, which was to be a 1- or 2-seat heavily armoured fighter-interceptor, meant mainly for fighting enemy bombers and transports. The Il-1 was related to the Il-two design, but was much more contemporary, compact, and powered with a new Mikulin engine: the AM-42. But the VVS gave up the concept of heavy armoured fighters, due to their low speed, which was not enough to intercept contemporary bombers. As a result, Ilyushin decided to turn the Il-1 into a two-seat ground attack plane, with the designation changed to Il-10 in early 1944 (odd numbers had been reserved for fighters).
At that time, Ilyushin also finished a prototype of a heavier ground attack plane, the Il-eight, using the same engine, and a lot more closely derived from the Il-2. It carried a higher payload (1,000 kg/2,204 lb), but had decrease functionality than the Il-ten. Both sorts first flew in April 1944, the Il-10 proving significantly superior to the Il-8, which had poor handling. The Il-10 successfully passed trials in early June 1944.
The third competitor was a new variant of the Sukhoi Su-six, also powered by the AM-42 engine. After comparative tests, the Il-ten was deemed the winner and was chosen as the new ground attack plane, despite some opinions that the Su-6 was a better aircraft, notwithstanding inferior functionality and payload, with better gun armament. Notably, the Su-six prototype was tested with maximum payload, causing lowered efficiency, whilst the Il-ten was tested with regular payload. Some benefits of the Il-10 came from its technical similarity to the Il-2.
On 23 August 1944 the Il-10 was ordered into serial production by selection of the State Defense Committee (GKO) as a new ground attack plane.[five] Its armament was initially equivalent to late model Il-2s, with two 23 mm VYa-23 cannons and two ShKAS machine guns in the wings, and a 12.7 mm UBT machine gun for a rear gunner, and 400 kg, or a maximum 600 kg of bombs. As opposed to the Il-2 and Su-six, it was not initially meant to carry rockets.
Production of the Il-10 started in Kuybyshev’s factories No. 1 and No. 18. The very first production aircraft flew on 27 September 1944 and 99 aircraft have been produced by the finish of 1944. Early series aircraft showed teething troubles, most notably engine faults and fires. Most problems have been eliminated by 1945. Aircraft produced from April 1945 onwards could carry 4 unguided air-to ground rockets. Aircraft developed from 1947 onwards have been fitted with stronger armament, consisting of 4 23 mm NS-23 cannons in the wings and a 20 mm cannon for the rear gunner. Il-10 production ended in 1949, after a run of four,600 aircraft in the final two years, they were made in factory No. 64.
Between 1945 and 1947, 280 UIl-two or Il-10U trainer variants have been produced. The rear gunner’ cockpit was replaced with a longer instructor’s cockpit with dual controls. Its functionality and building had been equivalent to the combat variant apart from armament, which was lowered to two cannons, two rockets, and a standard load of bombs.
In 1951, the Czechoslovak firm Avia secured a license to make Il-10s, with the designation B-33. The very first one particular flew on 26 December 1951. Initially, their engines had been Soviet-constructed. From 1952 onwards the engines were also made in Czechoslovakia as the M-42. Besides the combat variant, a Czechoslovak trainer variant also entered service below the designation CB-33. In total, 1,200 B-33s had been constructed by 1956.
In 1951, due to encounter acquired throughout the Korean War, the Soviet Air Force decided that propeller ground attack aircraft may possibly still be valuable, and decided to renew Il-ten production in a modified variant, the Il-10M, which 1st flew on 2 July 1951. It was a bit longer, with a wider wingspan, and bigger handle surfaces, with a fin below the tail. Four of the more lately developed NR-23 cannons had been mounted in the wings, while the payload stayed the same, and newer navigation gear was installed, giving partial all-climate capability. Speed decreased slightly, but handling enhanced. Between 1953 and 1954, 146 Il-10Ms were produced, all but ten in Rostov-on-Don’s factory No.168.
In total, six,166 of all Il-10 variants were made, which includes those built beneath license.
Trials of Il-10s mounted with a lot more potent AM-43 and AM-45 engines took spot, but proved unsuccessful. Ilyushin next created a lighter close help aircraft, the Il-16, with improved performance and similar armament. It initial flew on ten June 1945. A short run entered production, but the project was cancelled in 1946 due to the AM-43 engine’s unreliability.
Technical description
The airframe featured a single engine, two-seat, monoplane, with a metal-covered frame. The plane was hugely armoured. The front portion of the fuselage, with the cockpit, was a shell of armour plates 4–8 mm thick the thickest, 8 mm, were below the engine, there was no armour above the engine. The front windshield was produced of armour glass 64 mm (two.five in) thick. Also armoured was: a roof above the pilot, side window frames in the pilot’s cab, a wall amongst crew seats, and a rear wall behind the cab. Total armour weight was 994 kg, which includes its attachment. The wing consisted of a central section, with two bomb bays, and two detachable outer panels. The undercarriage was retractable. The main wheels folded to the rear right after rotating by 86°.
Early Il-10s had two 23 mm VYa-23 autocannons (150 rounds each and every) and two 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns (750 rounds every) fixed in wings, and a 12.7 mm UBT machine gun in a rear gunner station BU-eight, with 150 rounds. The horizontal angle of the rear machine gun field of fire was 100°. From 1947, the aircraft have been armed with 4 NS-23 23 mm cannons in the wings (150 rounds each and every) and 20 mm B-20T cannon in a rear gunner station BU-9 (150 rounds). The IL-10M had four 23 mm NR-23 cannons in wings (150 rounds every) and 20 mm B-20EN cannon in a rear gunner station BU-9M (150 rounds). Avia B-33 had four 23 mm NS-23RM cannons in wings and 20 mm B-20ET cannon in a rear gunner station BU-9M.
The typical bomb load was 400 kg, maximum load was 600 kg. This could be tiny fragmentation or anti-tank bomblets, place in bomb bays, or four 50–100 kg bombs in bomb bays and externally below wings, or two 200–250 kg bombs attached under wings. Modest bomblets have been place directly on bomb bay floors, in piles. A standard load was 182 (maximum 200) 2 kg AO-two,5-two fragmentation bombs, or 144 PTAB-2,five-1,five anti-tnk HEAT bombs. Apart from bombs, 4 unguided rockets RS-82 or RS-132 could be carried on rail launchers beneath wings. Avia B-33s were also fitted to carry other rocket kinds. Late Soviet aircraft could carry ORO-82 and ORO-132 tube launchers. In the tail section was a DAG-10 launcher with ten anti-aircraft or anti-personnel grenades AG-two (soon after getting thrown, they would fall with parachutes and then burst, but had been not extensively used in practice).
The Il-ten engine was a 12-cylinder inline V engine Mikulin AM-42, liquid-cooled, power: 1,770 hp continuous, takeoff energy: two,000 hp. Three-blade propeller AV-5L-24 of three.six m diameter. Two fuel tanks in the fuselage: upper 440 l more than engine, ahead of the cockpit, and decrease tank of 290 l under the cockpit. The aircraft had a radio set and a camera AFA-1M in a rear section of the fuselage.
Operational history
In October 1944, the Il-10 initial entered service with coaching units in the Soviet Air Force. In January 1945, the first Il-10 combat unit entered service with the 78th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment, but it did not enter action due to unfinished training. Nonetheless, 3 other Il-ten units managed to take element in the final combat actions of World War II in Europe. They were the 571st Assault Aviation Regiment (from 15 April 1945), the 108th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment (from 16 April 1945), and the 118th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment (on 8 May 1945). About a dozen aircraft have been destroyed by flak or engine breakdowns, but the Il-ten appeared to be a profitable style. One particular was shot down by an Fw 190 fighter, but a crew of the 118th Regiment shot down one more Fw 190 and probably damaged one more. On ten Could 1945, the day soon after the official Soviet finish of the war, (Victory Day), there had been 120 serviceable Il-10s in Soviet Air Force combat units, and 26 disabled ones.
Right after the USSR reentered the war against the Empire of Japan, with the invasion of Manchuria, from 9 August 1945, one particular Il-ten unit, the 26th Assault Aviation Regiment of the Pacific Navy Aviation, was utilised in combat in the Korean Peninsula, attacking Japanese ships in Rasin and rail transports.
Right after the war, until the early 1950s, the Il-10 was a basic Soviet ground attack aircraft. It was withdrawn from service in 1956. At the very same time, operate on new jet-powered devoted armoured ground attack planes (like the Il-40) was canceled, and the Soviets turned to multipurpose fighter-bomber aviation. The Il-10 and its licensed variant, the Avia B-33, became a standard ground attack plane of the Warsaw Pact nations. From 1949 to 1959, the Polish Air Force utilised 120 Il-10s (including 24 UIl-ten), and 281 B-33s. In Poland, the B-33 was modified to carry 400 l fuel tanks below its wings. From 1950 to 1960, Czechoslovakia utilized 86 Il-10s, including six UIl-10s, and about 600 B-33s. From 1949 to 1956, the Hungarian Air Force utilised 159 Il-10s and B-33s. From 1950 to 1960, the Romanian Air Force utilised 14 Il-10s and 156 B-33s. Bulgaria also utilized these aircraft.
In the late 1940s, 93 Il-10 and UIl-10s had been offered to North Korea. They had been then used in the 57th Assault Aviation Regiment throughout the early phase of the Korean War. They have been initially utilised with achievement against the weak anti-aircraft defense of South Korean forces, but then they suffered heavy losses in encounters against the USAAF fighters and have been bombed on the ground themselves. Right after numerous weeks, about 20 remained. In the summer season of 1950, North Korea received more aircraft from the USSR. The North Koreans claimed to sink a warship on 22 August 1950 with Il-10s, but it was in no way confirmed.
From 1950, Il-10s have been employed by the People’s Republic of China, in two regiments of an assault aviation division. They had been employed in combat in the course of a conflict with the Republic of China, (Taiwan), over border islands in January 1955. They remained in service till 1972. From 1957, Yemen employed 24 B-33s.
General traits
Crew: two, pilot and gunner
Length: 11.12 m (36 ft six in)
Wingspan: 13.40 m (44 ft)
Height: four.10 m (13 ft five in)
Wing area: 30 m2 (322.9)
Empty weight: 4,675 kg (10,305 lb)
Loaded weight: 6,345 kg (14,000 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: six,537 kg (14,410)
Powerplant: 1 × Mikulin AM-42 liquid-cooled V-12, 1,320 Kw (1,770 hp)
Performance
Maximum speed: 550 km/h at 2,700 m 500 km/h at ground level (340 mph at 8,860 ft / 310 mph)
Range: 800 km (500 mi)
Service ceiling: 4,000 m (13,123 ft)
Wing loading: 211 kg/m2 (43.two lb/ft2)
Armament
two × 23 mm Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 auto cannons in wings, 150 rounds per gun
two × 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns in wings, 750 rounds per gun
1 × 12.7 mm UBST machine gun in the BU-9 rear gunner station, 190 rounds
Up to 600 kg (1,320 lb) of numerous weapons as described in the text.
Wikipedia
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Image from web page 120 of “Railway master mechanic [microform]” (1895)
Image by Net Archive Book Pictures
Identifier: railwaymastermec33newy
Title: Railway master mechanic [microform]
Year: 1895 (1890s)
Authors:
Subjects: Railroads Railroads
Publisher: New York : [Simmons-Boardman Pub. Corp.]
Contributing Library: MIT Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries
View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
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Text Appearing Just before Image:
n component withthe handle of the railroadsthrough the Federal government.Railroad pools must not belegalized pools are secret below-standings between the parties tothem, but railroads ought to be per-mitted to enter into open trafficalliances, subject to the approval ofthe Interstate Commerce Commis-sion, which would safeguard the in-terests of the public. The sameFederal authority need to authorizethe issuance of railroad securities,thereby guarding the investoragainst over-capitalization. Cleveland Shear A flush front shear, installed inthe West Albany shops of the NewYork Central Lines, is shown right here-with. This machine, built by theCleveland Punch & Shear WorksCompany, is utilised for shearingplate and has interchangeable at-tachments for punching angle,shearing, flue hole punching, barshearing, etc. This machine is ofsolid frame type and is cast withonly a single core which is utilised for themain shaft. This machine isequipped with automatic cease and is specifically adapted forrailroad work.
Text Appearing Right after Image:
Personals Mr. B. W. Benedict has been appointed bonus supervisorof the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe at Topeka, Kan., andwill have territorial charge of bonus operate on the EasternGrand division and functional supervision more than standardiza-tion of schedules. Mr. S. S. Riegel has been appointed mechanical engineerof the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, at Scranton, Pa.,succeeding J. A. Mellon, resigned. Mr. T. McHattie, master mechanic of the Grand Trunk atMontreal, Que., has been appointed superintendent of motivepower of the Central of Vermont. Mr. Charles L. Gasper, mechanical engineer of the Wis-consin Central, has been appointed superintendent of themechanical division of the Canton & Hankow Ry., atCanton, China, to succeed T. S. Reilly, whose death was re-cently noted. Mr. Reilly, who died of an abscess of theliver, has been buried at Hongkong, a British colony. Mr.Gasper will leave for China at when. Mr. R. G. Cullivan, general foreman of the locomotive de-partment of th
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Riley Brooklands 1930
Image by pedrosimoes7
Belem, Lisbon, Portugal
in Wikipedia
Riley was a British motorcar and bicycle manufacturer from 1890. The business became element of the Nuffield Organisation in 1938 and was later merged into British Leyland: late in 1969 British Leyland announced their discontinuance of Riley production, even though 1969 was a hard year for the UK auto market and so a quantity of automobiles from the company’s inventory are most likely to have been first registered only in 1970.[2]
These days, the Riley trademark is owned by BMW.
Riley Cycle Firm
Riley started as the Bonnick Cycle Organization of Coventry, England. During the pedal cycle craze that swept Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, in 1890, William Riley Jr. purchased the organization and in 1896 renamed it the Riley Cycle Firm.[2] Later, cycle gear maker Sturmey Archer was added to the portfolio. Riley’s younger son, Percy, left college in the identical year and quickly began to dabble in automobiles. He constructed his first car at 16, in 1898, secretly, simply because his father did not approve. It featured the very first mechanically operated inlet valve. By 1899, Percy Riley moved from making motorcycles to his very first prototype four-wheeled quadricycle. Small is recognized about Percy Riley’s really very first "motor-vehicle". It is, however, nicely attested that the engine featured mechanically operated cylinder valves at a time when other engines depended on the vacuum effect of the descending piston to suck the inlet valve(s) open. That was demonstrated some years later when Benz created and patented a mechanically operated inlet valve approach of their personal but had been unable to collect royalties on their system from British companies the courts were persuaded that the technique utilised by British auto-makers was primarily based the one pioneered by Percy, which had comfortably anticipated equivalent developments in Germany.[2] In 1900, Riley sold a single 3-wheeled automobile. Meanwhile the elder of the Riley brothers, Victor Riley, despite the fact that supportive of his brother’s embryonic motor-vehicle enterprise, devoted his energies at this stage to the core bicycle company.[2]
Company founder William Riley remained resolutely opposed to diverting the resources of his bicycle business into motor vehicles, and in 1902 three of his sons, Victor, Percy and younger brother Alan Riley pooled resources, borrowed a essential balancing amount from their mother and in 1903 established the separate Riley Engine Firm, also in Coventry.[2] A few years later the other two Riley brothers, Stanley and Cecil, possessing left college joined their elder brothers in the business.[two] At 1st, the Riley Engine Firm basically supplied engines for Riley motorcycles and also to Singer, a newly emerging motor cycle manufacturer in the location,[two] but the Riley Engine Firm organization quickly began to concentrate on 4-wheeled automobiles. Their Vee-Twin Tourer prototype, produced in 1905, can be deemed the 1st proper Riley vehicle. The Engine Company expanded the subsequent year. William Riley reversed his former opposition to his sons’ preference for motorised vehicles and Riley Cycle halted motorcycle production in 1907 to concentrate on automobiles.[two] Bicycle production also ceased in 1911.
In 1912, the Riley Cycle Company changed its name to Riley (Coventry) Limited as William Riley focused it on becoming a wire-spoked wheel supplier for the burgeoning motor business, the detachable wheel having been invented (and patented) by Percy and distributed to more than 180 motor manufacturers, and by 1912 the father’s enterprise had also dropped automobile manufacture in order to concentrate capacity and resources on the wheels. Exploitation of this new and swiftly expanding lucrative business sector made commercial sense for William Riley, but the abandonment of his motor-bicycle and then of his automobile enterprise which had been the principal consumer for his sons’ Riley Engine Organization enforced a rethink on the Engine Firm.[2]
Riley Motor Manufacturing
In early 1913, Percy was joined by three of his brothers (Victor, Stanley, and Allan) in a new business focused on manufacturing whole automobiles. This Riley Motor Manufacturing Firm was situated close to Percy’s Riley Engine Business. The 1st new model, the 17/30, was introduced at the London Motor Show that year. Quickly afterwards, Stanley Riley founded however another business, the Nero Engine Organization, to create his own 4-cylinder 10 hp (7.5 kW) car. Riley also began manufacturing aeroplane engines and became a essential supplier in Britain’s buildup for Planet War I.
In 1918, soon after the war, the Riley businesses had been restructured. Nero joined Riley (Coventry) as the sole producer of automobiles. Riley Motor Manufacturing came beneath the handle of Allan Riley to become Midland Motor Bodies, a coachbuilder for Riley. Riley Engine Organization continued under Percy as the engine supplier. At this time, Riley’s blue diamond badge, developed by Harry Rush, also appeared. The motto was "As old as the industry, as modern as the hour.
Riley grew swiftly by way of the 1920s and 1930s. Riley Engine developed four-, 6-, and 8-cylinder engines, although Midland constructed far more than a dozen diverse bodies. Riley models at this time incorporated:
Saloons: Adelphi, Continental, Deauville, Falcon, Kestrel, Mentone, Merlin, Monaco, Stelvio, Victor
Coupes: Ascot, Lincock
Touring: Alpine, Lynx, Gamecock
Sports: Brooklands, Imp, MPH, Sprite
Limousines: Edinburgh, Winchester
The Riley Brooklands was 1 of the most successful performs and privateer racing automobiles of the late 1920s and early 1930s, specifically in hill climbs and at Le Mans, delivering a platform for the good results of motorsports’ 1st women racing drivers like Kay Petrie and Dorothy Champney. It was primarily based on Percy Riley’s ground-breaking Riley 9 engine, a modest capacity, high revving engine, ahead of its time in numerous respects. It had a hemispherical combustion chamber and overheard valves and has been called the most considerable engine improvement of the 1920s. Its longevity is illustrated by Mike Hawthorn’s early racing good results right after WW2 in pre-war Rileys, in certain his father’s Sprite. But by about 1936 the firm had overextended, with too many models and as well few frequent parts, and the emergence of Jaguar at Coventry was a direct challenge. Victor Riley had set up a new ultra-luxury concern, Autovia, to generate a V8 saloon and limousine to compete with Rolls-Royce. Meanwhile, Riley Engine Company had been renamed PR Motors (after Percy Riley) to be a higher-volume supplier of engines and components. Although the rest of the Riley companies would go on to turn into part of BMC, PR Motors remained independent. Following the death of Percy Riley in 1941, the firm began generating transmission components and still exists nowadays as Newage Transmissions. Percy’s widow Norah ran the organization for a lot of years and was Britain’s businesswoman of the year in 1960.
Nuffield Organisation
By 1937, Riley started to appear to other makers for partnerships. It had withdrawn from performs racing soon after its most successful year, 1934, although it continued to provide engines for the ERA, a voiturette (Formula 2) racing vehicle based on the supercharged 6-cylinder ‘White Riley’, developed by ERA founder Raymond Mays in the mid-thirties. Rileys (Ulster Imp and Sprite) had been also the 1st important automobiles raced by Mike Hawthorn following the war. BMW of Munich, Germany was interested in expanding its range into England. But the Rileys were much more interested in a larger British concern, and looked to Triumph Motor Business, also of Coventry, as a all-natural fit. In February, 1938, all negotiations collapsed as Riley (Coventry) and Autovia went into receivership.
Each firms had been bought by Lord Nuffield for £143,000 and operated by Victor Riley as Riley (Coventry) Successors. It was rapidly sold to Nuffield’s Morris Motor Organization for £1, with the combination coming to be called the Nuffield Organisation.
Nuffield took swift measures to firm up the firm. Autovia was no more, with just 35 automobiles getting been made. Riley refocused on the four-cylinder market place with two engines: A 1.five litre 12 hp engine and the "Big 4", a 2.5 litre 16 hp unit (The hp figures are RAC Rating, and bear no partnership to bhp or kW). Only a couple of bodies have been made, and some elements had been shared with Morris for economies of scale.
After World War II, the restarted Riley Motors took up the old engines in new models, based in conception on the 1936-8 ‘Continental’. The RMA employed the 1.five litre engine, whilst the RMB got the Large Four. The RM line of cars, sold under the "Magnificent Motoring" tag line, have been to be the company’s higher point. They featured a front independent suspension and steering program inspired by the Citroën Traction Avant. Their flowing lines have been particularly nicely-balanced, marrying pre-war ‘coachbuilt’ elegance to far more contemporary attributes, such as headlamps faired-in to the front wings.
Victor Riley was removed by Nuffield in 1947, and the Coventry works had been shut down as production was consolidated with MG at Abingdon. Nuffield’s marques had been to be organised in a related way to these of Basic Motors: Morris was to be the value line, MG provided overall performance, and Wolseley was to be the luxury marque. But with the luxury marque, and sporty/luxurious Riley also fighting for the leading position, the range was crowded and confused.
British Motor Corporation
The confusion became critical in 1952 with the merger of Nuffield and Austin as the British Motor Corporation. Now, Riley was positioned in between MG and Wolseley and most Riley models have been, like these, little more than badge-engineered versions of Austin/Morris styles.
Other BMC Rileys integrated the Pathfinder with Riley’s 2.5 litre four which replaced the RM line. With a slightly restyled body and a distinct engine it was later also sold as the Wolseley six/90. The Riley lost its distinct (even though subtle) variations in 1958 and the 1958 6/90 was accessible badge engineered as a Riley Two-Point-Six. Despite the fact that this was the only postwar 6-cylinder Riley, its C-Series engine was actually less-potent than the Riley Massive 4 that it replaced. This was to be the final large Riley, with the model dropped in May 1959 and the organization refocusing on the under-2 litre segment.
Riley and Wolseley were linked in modest automobiles as nicely. Launched in 1957, the Riley 1-Point-5 and Wolseley 1500 were reworked Morris Minors. They shared their exteriors, but the Riley was marketed as the a lot more functionality-oriented choice, obtaining an uprated engine, twin S.U. carburetters and a close-ratio gearbox. With its excellent handling, compact, sports-saloon styling and nicely-appointed interior, the 1-Point-5 fairly effectively recaptured the character of the 1930s light saloons.
At the leading of the Riley line for April 1959 was the new Riley four/Sixty-Eight saloon. Once more, it was merely a badge-engineered version of other BMC models. This time, it shared with the MG Magnette Mark III and Wolseley 15/60. The vehicle was refreshed, along with its siblings, in 1961 and rebadged the four/Seventy-Two.
The early 1960s also saw the introduction of the Mini-primarily based Riley Elf. Again, a Wolseley model (the Hornet) was introduced simultaneously. This time, the Riley and Wolseley versions had been differentiated visually and identical mechanically.
A BLMC press release dated 9 July 1969 announced "today that all Riley models produced at British Leyland’s Austin-Morris division will be discontinued".[two]
The final model of the BMC era was the Kestrel 1100/1300, primarily based on the Austin/Morris 1100/1300 saloon. This also had stablemates in Wolseley and MG versions. Following objections from diehard Riley enthusiasts, the Kestrel name was dropped for the last facelift in 1968, the Riley 1300.
The future
Riley production ended with the 1960s, and the marque became dormant. The last Riley badged auto was created in 1969. Following BMW’s divestment of the MG Rover Group in 2000, the rights to the Triumph and Riley marques, along with Mini/MINI have been retained by BMW.
In 2007, William Riley, who claims to be a descendant of the Riley household, although this has been disputed,[three] formed MG Sports and Racing Europe Ltd. This company acquired assets relating to the MG XPower SV sportscar from PricewaterhouseCoopers, the administrators of the defunct MG Rover Group, and intended to continue production of the model as the MG XPower WR.
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Essential Science Instrument Installed into Webb Structure
Image by NASA Goddard Photo and Video
The MIRI itself weighs 181 pounds (82 kg) and is being held by a special balance beam (on the left of the photo), which is getting maneuvered utilizing a precision overhead crane by the engineer at the base of the ladder.
Photo Credit: NASA/Chris Gunn Text Credit: NASA/Laura Betz
—-
Engineers worked meticulously to implant the James Webb Space Telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument into the ISIM, or Integrated Science Instrument Module, in the cleanroom at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. As the successor to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, the Webb telescope will be the most effective space telescope ever built. It will observe the most distant objects in the universe, offer images of the first galaxies formed and see unexplored planets around distant stars.
For far more details, visit: www.jwst.nasa.gov
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission by way of four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar Program Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading part in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific information to advance the Agency’s mission.
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Red Rose
Image by Connie Campbell pictures Crossville, Al
Fast Rose Facts
The rose is the official National Floral Emblem of the United States. This legislation was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on October 7, 1986. The rose is also the state flower selected by Georgia, Iowa, New York, North Dakota and the District of Columbia.
3 separate nationally performed public opinion polls, dating from 1975 to 1986, found the rose to be the quantity one selection of more than 85 % of those people surveyed.
George Washington, our first president, was also our initial U.S. rose breeder!
In 1994, over 1,200,000,000 roses had been purchased by U.S. flower buyers. This works out to a per capita consumption of four.67 per individual.
The rose is native to the United States. The oldest fossilized imprint of a rose was left on a slate deposit in Florissant, Colorado, which is estimated to be 35 million years old.
There are practically 900 acres of greenhouse location devoted to the production of fresh cut roses in the U.S.
About 60% of the roses grown in the U.S. are made in California.
One particular acre of greenhouse rose production in the U.S. is valued at about one particular million dollars, including value of plants, greenhouse structure and land.
The most well-liked rose holidays in the U.S. are Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day and Christmas.
Columbus found America because of a rose! It is written that on October 11, 1492, even though becalmed in the Sargasso Sea, one of the crewmen picked a rose branch from the water. This sign of land renewed their hope for survival and gave the seafarers the courage to continue on to the New Planet.
History
– The father of Botany Theophrastus (371-286 BC) initial classified and identified plants. In his classic books Enquiry into plants and De Causis Plantarum (The causes of plants) he wrote about a “hundred-petaled rose” and known as it centifolia (actually: hundred petals).
– Roman Emperor Nero liked to shower his guests with fresh rose petals. According to the legend, the dense rose-petal cloud nearly suffocated some of the guests.
– In the Middle Ages, it was customary for the wealthy to place rose petals and rose oil in their baths. A lot of noblewomen carried bouquets of fragrant flowers to cover physique odors.
– The early Christians saw a correlation in between the 5 petals of the Rosa sancta and the 5 wounds of Christ. The red rose stood for Christ’s blood, even though the white rose for the Virgin Mary.
– It was in the 17th century that French explorer Samuel de Champlain brought the first cultivated roses to North America. Much more about Rose history.
Superlatives
– The oldest garden rose is the Rosa Gallica Officinalis, the apothecary rose. The oldest garden rose classes incorporate the Albas, Centifolias and Damasks. See Old Garden Roses and Renowned rose kinds.
– The initial patent ever registered for a plant was a patent for a hybridized rose, which gave “ever-blooming” traits to the climbing rose. It was issued by the United States Patent Workplace on August 18th to Henry F. Bosenberg for his “Climbing or Trailing Rose”.
– The largest rose ever bred was a pink rose measuring roughly 33 inches in diameter. It was bred by Nikita K. Rulhoksoffski from San Onofre, California. The world’s biggest rosebush is a white Lady Banksia located in Tombstone, Arizona. It is original root came over from Scotland in 1885. From a single trunk, which is practically six feet in diameter, it spreads more than an arbor that covers over 8,00 square feet, sufficient to shelter a crowd of 150 people.
– The world’s oldest living rose is believed to be 1,000 years old. It grows on the wall of the Cathedral of Hildesheim in Germany and its presence is documented considering that A.D. 815. According to the legend, the rosebush symbolizes the prosperity of the city of Hildesheim as extended as it flourishes, Hildesheim will not decline. In 1945 allied bombers destroyed the cathedral, yet the bush survived. Its roots remained intact beneath the debris, and soon the bush was developing robust again.
– The largest private rose garden in the globe is in Cavriglia, Italy, and holds more than 7,500 distinct varieties of roses. Far more about the Cavriglia rose garden and other well-known rose gardens.
– The only rose identified to have only four petals is Rosa Sericea, brought to Europe kind the Himalayas at the end of the nineteenth century.
– The oldest representation of a rose is a fresco in the palace of Minos in Cnossos, Crete. It depicts a 5-petaled pink rose dates to about 1450 B.C.
– At initial, rose oil was added to medicine to mask their bitter taste. It was only afterwards that the medicinal virtues of rose oil had been found.
– The initial rose to leave the earth was as miniature rose referred to as “Overnight Scentsation” that had been cultivated by IFF researcher Dr. Braja Mookherjee for experiments in space. The rose needed to be small to fit inside Astroculture, a plant growth chamber measuring 17 by 9 by 21 inch enclosure and developed for the middeck of the space shuttle to supplies plants with the appropriate temperature, humidity, light, and nutrients throughout spaceflight. The purpose was to measure how low-gravity would influence the rose’s smell.
The buds of the smallest roses, are the size of a grain of rice.
Rose sector
The apothecary rose, R. gallica officinalis, first recorded in the 13th century, was the foundation of a huge business near the city of Provins, France. The rose was believed to remedy a multitude of illnesses and Provins was an important center of rose confectionary, producing rose petal jam, Provinean rose honey and rose candy.
– Today, 150 million rose plants are bought by gardeners worldwide every year.
– 60% of the roses grown in the U.S. are developed in California.
– The rose is the favored flower of 85% of Americans.
America’s Favourite Flower
Universally accepted as living symbols of adore, friendship, success and peace, roses are becoming much more and more common as gifts for all occasions and, as properly, for spur-of-the-moment, daily expressions of good feelings. They are becoming utilised as birthday and anniversary gifts, to decorate a hostess table, to say “thank you” for a job effectively completed, or to say “I really like you” at a most unexpected time.
The classic lines and beauty of the rose appeal to just about everyone, whether or not man or lady, contemporary or traditional, young or old. A rose present is the excellent answer for the individual who “has almost everything.” It is always the appropriate size, shape and color, and it is in no way as well fattening. What’s far more, the size of a rose bouquet can be adjusted to fit any pocketbook.
Symbol of Celebration
Roses have been a gorgeous symbol of celebration in all cultures. Absolutely nothing expresses personal sentiments greater than roses, and they’re constantly in style. What ever colour or size you choose, roses are ideal and completely gorgeous. Who can ever forget the very first time they received roses?
Roses in the U.S.
The rose has been selected by Georgia, Iowa, New York, North Dakota and the District of Columbia as their official flower. Provided the tremendous popularity of roses amongst Americans, it’s no wonder that resolutions were introduced in Congress in 1986 to name the rose the National Flower.
The Christmas Rose
Roses constantly make stunning and timely gifts, and they fit in specially effectively throughout the vacation season. According to legend, the rose really came to be linked with Christmas on the evening that Christ was born. As the quite touching story of the Christmas rose goes, a small shepherdess was saddened due to the fact she had no present to provide the Child of Bethlehem. Sustaining vigil more than her sheep, she wept and wept – and her tears soaked the ground where she stood.
Abruptly an angel appeared, touched the tear-softened earth, and the ground sprang alive with stunning roses. Right away the girl gathered a magnificent bouquet of these Christmas roses and joyfully carried them to Christ’s manger. Just as quickly as He laid eyes on them, the Holy Kid turned from the gems and gold of the Wise Guys and extended His tiny hands in the direction of the flowers.
Roots
Roses are native to the United States. Rose fossils that have been carbon dated some 35 million years old have been identified in Montana and Oregon. There are 30,000 or far more rose varieties identified nowadays and no other flower has such a difficult family tree. The authorities divide all roses into two groups, “old roses,” or those cultivated in Europe just before 1800 (the red rose falls into this category) and “modern roses,” which began to be cultivated in England and France about the turn of the 19th century. In olden times, roses bloomed only as soon as a year. Now, though, roses are offered to us via florist shops each single day of the year.
Roses Throughout History
Throughout history, roses had been employed in incredibly extravagant techniques. The Romans believed nothing at all of carpeting their large banquet halls with rose petals, and it is said that Cleopatra after received her beloved Marc Antony in a area literally knee-deep in rose petals.
Acclaim for the Rose
The rose has been acclaimed in an practically endless quantity of techniques. For instance:
The rose is the only flower to which a garden has been completely devoted on the grounds of the United Nations, on the White House grounds in Washington, D.C., and in thousands of public parks all through the nation.
The month of June has been set aside as National Rose Month since 1969.
The fourth week in June has been designated by the Governor of Indiana as “A Rose for Friendship Week” due to the practically single-handed efforts of J. B. Hoy, a semi-retired businessman.
The rose inspires style, interior style, sculpture and architecture. It is the style theme for numerous patterns of silver, china, wallpaper, carpet and clothing. The “bed of roses” is one particular of the most well-known motifs for spreads and coverlets.
Fairy tales carry themes of roses to kids. Grimm’s Beauty and the Beast, for example, characterizes the rose that Beauty’s father picked in the Beast’s castle garden. In Alice in Wonderland, the gardeners painted white roses red to please the Queen of Hearts.
Roses and Royalty
The rose is named the “Queen of Flowers.” While roses are readily obtainable to all of us, they also have been identified to “hob nob” with royalty. The King of Sweden, for instance, sent Silvia Sommerlath, now his wife and Sweden’s Queen, 1 dozen yellow roses each day during a four-year romance. That adds up to 1,461 dozen . . . or 17,532 individual flowers.
Queen Elizabeth and Princess Grace of Monaco are amongst these who have had roses named soon after them.
Rose Stamp
The rose was initial honored by the U.S. Postal Service in 1978 with its really own stamp. It’s a very first class stamp that features illustrations of two award-winning roses.
The Quest for the Perfect Rose
Today’s roses are the outcome of centuries of genetic reshuffling, the function of each nature and man. Rose hybridizers have been able to combine and recombine genes for continual improvement. The benefits have been new colors, forms, textures, habits and fragrances, far more vigor and disease resistance.
Most of the roses presently on the market place primarily have been produced by the operate of about 50 skilled hybridizers. Each and every one particular cross-pollinates thousands of roses every year in hopes of finding that “perfect” one. The number of possible genetic combinations for new roses is thoughts boggling, but the odds have been placed at about one hundred,000 to 1 against any certain cross-fertilization producing an outstanding new rose.
George Washington – Our Initial Rose Breeder
George Washington, our initial president, was our 1st rose breeder as properly. Washington laid out his personal garden at Mt. Vernon and filled it with his personal selections of roses. He named a single of his varieties soon after his mother and it is nonetheless being grown nowadays.
The World’s Biggest Rosebush
The world’s biggest rosebush is located in a city named Tombstone in Arizona. Planted from a slip from yet another rosebush in the late 18th century, its trunk is practically six feet around.
When in full bloom, this rosebush has a lot more than 200,000 blossoms – and its branches spread out six feet thick over an arbor under which much more than 150 folks can be seated comfortably.
The Rose in Music
Some four,000 songs have been written about roses like:
Rose of Tralee
The Last Rose of Summer
Red Roses for a Blue Lady
Everything’s Comin’ Up Roses
Ramblin’ Rose
Moonlight and Roses
Primrose Lane
My Wild Irish Rose
To a Wild Rose
Only a Rose
Yellow Rose of Texas
San Antonio Rose
Second Hand Rose
Mighty Like a Rose
Rose of Washington Square
Days of Wine and Roses
I Didn’t Guarantee You a Rose Garden
When She Wore a Tulip and I Wore a Red, Red Rose
Mexicalli Rose
Interesting Facts about Roses
The rose is the favorite flower of 85% of Americans.
In 1986, then President Ronald Reagan signed legislation creating the rose the official National Flower of the United States.
George Washington bred roses at his house.
A fossilized rose, which was 35 million years old, was found in Florissant, Colorado.
More than 900 acres of greenhouse roses are harvested in the United States every year. 60% of these are grown in California.
Florists sell millions of roses every year in the United States. The two greatest days for sales are Mother’s Day and Valentine’s Day. Christmas is the third highest day for rose sales.
Columbus’ crew picked a rose branch out of the ocean on October 11, 1492. This signaled the presence of land. The really subsequent day, Columbus discovered America.
Rose hips contain more Vitamin C than any other fruit or vegetable.
Ancient Romans believed that white roses grew where the tears of Venus fell when she was mourning Adonis.
Shakespeare referred to roses over fifty times in his operates.
Mythology says that roses grew thorns when Cupid accidentally shot an arrow into a rose garden.
The oldest rose in the planet has flourished for over 1,000 years on the wall of Hildeshiem
Cathedral in Germany.
For centuries, roses have inspired enjoy and brought beauty to these who have received them. In truth, the rose’s wealthy heritage dates back thousands of years. The Society of American Florists compiled this list of intriguing rose facts from a assortment of sources:
A lot more Fascinating Information about Roses
Folks have been passionate about roses because the beginning of time. In reality, it is stated that the floors of Cleopatra’s palace had been carpeted with delicate rose petals, and that the smart and understanding Confucius had a 600 book library especially on how to care for roses.
Wherefore art thou rose? In the readings of Shakespeare, of course. He refers to roses much more than 50 instances all through his writings.
1,000 years old. That is the age the world’s oldest living rose is thought to be. Right now it continues to flourish on the wall of the Hildesheim Cathedral of Germany.
Why white roses are so particular is no mystery – it’s a myth. Maybe it started with the Romans who believed white roses grew where the tears of Venus fell as she mourned the loss of her beloved Adonis. Myth also has it that Venus’ son Cupid accidentally shot arrows into the rose garden when a bee stung him, and it was the “sting” of the arrows that brought on the roses to grow thorns. And when Venus walked by way of the garden and pricked her foot on a thorn, it was the droplets of her blood which turned the roses red.
It is official – the rose is New York’s state flower.
The rose is a legend in it’s personal. The story goes that in the course of the Roman empire, there was an incredibly stunning maiden named Rhodanthe. Her beauty drew many zealous suitors who pursued her relentlessly. Exhausted by their pursuit, Rhodanthe was forced to take refuge from her suitors in the temple of her buddy Diana. Unfortunately, Diana became jealous. And when the suitors broke down her temple gates to get near their beloved Rhodanthe she also became angry, turning Rhodanthe into a rose and her suitors into thorns.
Dolly Parton might be recognized for her music and theme park. But rose lovers know her for the orange red variety bearing her name.
A rose by any other name… according to Greek Mythology, it was Aphrodite who gave the rose its name.
While the rose could bear no fruit, the rose hips (the part left on the plant after a rose is completed blooming) contain far more Vitamin C than practically any other fruit or vegetable.
The rose is a symbol of occasions. In truth, it’s the official National Floral Emblem of the United States.
Leave it to the romantic French to be the ones to very first provide roses. It was in the seventeenth century that French explorer Samuel deChamplain brought the first cultivated roses to North America.
Roses are genuinely ageless. Not too long ago, archaeologists found the fossilized remains of wild roses more than 40 million years old.
The individuals of ancient Greece utilized roses to accessorize. On festive occasions they would adorn themselves with garlands of roses, and splash themselves with rose-scented oil.
Napoleon’s wife Josephine so adored roses, she grew more than 250 varieties.
For the past 30 years and counting, June has been the National Rose Month in the United States.
The Present of Adore
Folks everywhere adore roses. A charming ritual incorporating roses is a central element of some wedding ceremonies held at a church in Tarzana, California. The minister presents a red rose to both the bride and groom. The couple is then instructed to exchange roses, thereby providing to each and every other the symbolic gift of enjoy as their very first present as husband and wife. At the end of the ceremony, they are advised to resolve any conflicts they may possibly have in the years ahead by presenting every other with red roses.
A lot more and more couples keep this tradition throughout their married lives, presenting every single other 1 rose for every single year of marriage on every anniversary.
Rose Buying Tips
All roses are gorgeous, but all roses are not necessarily alike. To be positive you get the quite very best, take your organization to a florist.
A straightforward case of supply and demand impacts the cost of Valentine’s Day roses:
Valentine’s Day inspires the heaviest demand for extended-stemmed roses, and several rosebuds should be sacrificed to create a single lengthy-stemmed rose.
Following the Christmas season demand for red roses is filled, growers need 50-70 days to create adequate roses for Valentine’s Day.
Winter’s shorter daylight hours and larger power charges hamper efforts to grow big rose crops.
Inclement climate usually needs extreme measures to guarantee that flowers are delivered in time.
To fulfill the tremendous number of orders for Valentine’s Day flowers, florists have to hire further aid, perform longer hours and acquire further delivery automobiles and drivers.
In short, roses in February are every single bit as specific as you would anticipate
Satisfied Lunar New Year 2009
Image by Eustaquio Santimano
Chinese New Year or Spring Festival is a single of the most crucial standard Chinese holidays. It is occasionally named the Lunar New Year, particularly by men and women outside China. The festival traditionally begins on the first day of the initial lunar month (Chinese: 正月 pinyin: zhēng yuè) in the Chinese calendar and ends on the 15th this day is referred to as Lantern Festival. Chinese New Year’s Eve is identified as Chúxī. It literally means "Year-pass Eve".
Celebrated in regions with huge populations of ethnic Chinese, Chinese New Year is considered a major holiday for the Chinese and has had influence on the new year celebrations of its geographic neighbours, as effectively as cultures with whom the Chinese have had in depth interaction. These consist of Aboriginal Taiwanese people, Koreans, Mongolians, Nepalese, Bhutanese, Vietnamese, and formerly the Japanese just before 1873. In Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and other countries or regions with important Han Chinese populations, Chinese New Year is also celebrated, and has, to varying degrees, grow to be element of the standard culture of these nations. In Canada, even though Chinese New Year is not an official vacation, a lot of ethnic Chinese hold big celebrations and Canada Post concerns New Year’s themed stamps in domestic and international prices.
Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use constantly numbered years, its years are typically numbered from the reign of Huangdi outdoors China. But at least three distinct years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars, creating the year 2008 "Chinese Year" 4706, 4705, or 4645.
The 2009 date for Chinese New Year is January 26.
Cool China Prototype pictures
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SAIC GREEN BUS EN11 Prototype_SWB6128EV56_1
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SAIC GREEN BUS
Electric Bus
EN11 Prototype
SWB6128EV56
AUTO SHANGHAI 2015
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上汽极能
电气巴士
EN11 样车
SWB6128EV56
2015 上海车展
Cool Stamping Components China photos
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5. midnight_and_extremely_cold
Image by Jim Surkamp
Ambrose Ranson Remembers Jefferson County in the 1840s & 1850s Part two
youtu.be/sKyR3ZLv55I TRT: 8:16
civilwarscholars.com/?p=11948 2436 words
This is taken from one particular of six essays written for Sewanee Assessment from 1913 to 1915 by Ambrose Robert Hite Ranson (1831-1919) about his developing up years living at his household house, Gap View, and his experiences for the duration of the Civil War as a Confederate officer. His observations are quite informative about every day life pre-war amid unacceptable observations condoning the enslavement of other human beings. His account is still crucial in its rendering of day-to-day operate on a farm in the 1840s and 1850s in Jefferson County, Virginia, one particular of the most agricultural counties in the Virginias. These circumstances had been substantially distinct in the northern Shenandoah Valley when compared to the brutal monocultures in the deep South. Enslavement in Jefferson County, based on writings of those – white and black – who lived right here then – was a single of diverse function, the pervasive fear of becoming sold south, pockets of profound cruelty, and the tantalizing nearness of the option of escaping to freedom.
Created possible with the generous, community-minded help of American Public University Program, delivering an affordable, good quality, online education. The views and interpretations in any videos here and at civilwarscholars.com do not in any way reflect contemporary-day policies of American Public University Technique, and are intended to encourage finding out and discussion. Far more at apus.edu
REMINISCENCES OF THE CIVIL WAR BY A
CONFEDERATE Staff OFFICER* 8058 words
(1st PAPER)
Plantation Life in Virginia Prior to the War Component 2
1. There_was_a_wedding_Bedington
There was a wedding in our neighborhood at Bedington, the residence of the Bedingers, and my
2. sister_was_bridesmaid_Strother_WVU
3. to_her_cousin_Fannie_Davenport_wvhistoryonview
sister was bridesmaid to her cousin. In these days a home party was arranged in much far more basic fashion than now. The homes had few rooms, but generally really large ones, and all the bridesmaids have been quartered in 1 room. At this wedding there was a girl from Hoboken,
4. a_Miss_Sevens_Judy_James_Ware
a Miss Stevens, of the wealthy loved ones of that name.
When my sister returned property she did not unpack her trunk till late at night. My father was sitting up reading, when she entered the space in great distress, holding in her hands Miss Stevens’s jewel-case, containing such jewels as we had never ever noticed prior to. It was
five. midnight_and_very_cold
midnight and quite cold, and a heavy snow was falling.
six. Frank_his_trusted_servant_Strother_WVU
My father sent for Frank, his trusted servant, and providing the case into his hands and telling him it was worth a lot more than all he owned, ordered him to get a horse and ride to Bedington four miles distant and give the case into the hands of Miss Stevens, and no 1 else. Frank produced the ride that stormy evening and compelled the lady to come down in her evening clothes and get the jewel-case and write a letter of acknowledgement. Some careless maid had packed Miss Steven’s jewels in my sister’s trunk.
7. Ahead of_the_railroad_Map_Maryland_1831
Prior to the railroad was built, Frank drove the wagon of flour to Baltimore, and, even right after the railroad was constructed, nonetheless Frank went every year ahead of Christmas to Baltimore
8. load_of_flour_Currier_Ives
with a load of flour, bringing back a load which created everyone, white and black, satisfied at that festival.
9. arrived_following_dark_Strother_Feb_1855_P_300
He normally arrived soon after dark, and the large canopied wagon was driven to the front door and left there for the duration of the evening, the six wonderful smoking horses possessing been led away to the steady. Soon after supper the wagon was unloaded and the treasures revealed to us, the kids.
In these days the issue, or commission merchant, had duties which are unknown now. When he sold the flour he filled orders for every conceivable want of the household. I met an old factor, following I came to Baltimore to reside, who told me he had, with the help of his
10. whole_trousseau_of_several_a_bride_Metropolitan_Museum
wife, bought and had created up the complete trousseau of a lot of a bride, apart from outfits for the whole families of his pals in the nation. The reader can imagine what an event Frank’s arrival with his wagon was to us. I have now a handsome service of china which was brought from Baltimore on Frank’s wagon. 1 Christmas observance the negroes had which was very peculiar.
11. when_the_hogs_have been_killed_wikipedia
When the hogs had been killed in December they preserved the bladders and, inflating them and tying the necks tightly to retain the air, they hung them up to dry, and on Christmas morning, even though the stars were shining, they laid them on the frozen ground under the windows of the
12. and_exploded_them_by_stamping_on_them_Harpers_Aug_1872_P_350
white folks and exploded them by stamping on them, thus awakening the family and saluting them on the arrival of the excellent festival.
13. one particular_of_the_songs_Ox_Cart_Van_Gogh
I don’t forget portion of a single of the songs which the ox-driver sang in a slow monotone, sitting on the pole of the ox-cart, and keeping time to the slow, swinging steps of the oxen: "See the bull go to school, hooie booie, hooie booie, See the bull go to college, hooie booie John. See the bull go to school, with his book on his horn, And that is the last of old blind John. See the cow develop the mill, hooie booie, hooie booie, See the cow create the mill, hooie booie John. See the cow construct the mill, water runnin’ up the hill, An that is the last of old blind John.” The verses had been endless and appear to have been extemporized as he drove along.
14. The_masters_element_was_not_tough_Harpers_August_1856_P_317
The master’s part was not difficult. He was sort simply because kindness paid him effectively. He took care of his slave since it was cash in his pocket to do so, and income out of his pocket if he did not. Of course, there were other and higher motives in people, but we must look for a motive for the multitude. That the negro was far better housed, better fed, better clothed, and better looked right after in sickness than now, was basically because the owner had money at stake. He had warm clothing, a lot of wholesome meals, and a good physician when ill, due to the fact of that funds.
In September the cloth and yarn for his winter clothes were brought property from the factory, and the function of making up began and was only completed at Christmas. In each household there was a lady who could cut out the garments, and all the younger girls had been taught how to sew and knit. In the course of the year, all the girls, in clean frocks, assembled in some room in the wonderful house every morning, and the class of sewers and knitters was presided more than by some
15. spectacled_old_negro_woman_Sojourner_Truth_wikipedia
spectacled old negro woman, whose word was law to them. The function of producing up the clothing and knitting yarn socks went on beneath her supervision, and at Christmas each man and lady on the location appeared in new garments and new shoes and warm woolen stockings. Every man had an
16. overcoat_every single_four_years_Strother_WVu_Stephen
overcoat every four years, and a flannel jacket, known as by them a ’warmus’, to put on below his waistcoat in cold climate.
17. tobacco_was_issued_Dunhill
18. when_a_boy_I_loved_to_be_the_distributer_Srother_WVU_boy_smoking
His tobacco was issued to him after a week, and when a boy I loved to be the distributer. Occasionally it was bought in kegs of about 100 pounds, and was known as ‘black-strap’, and one
19. Some_of_them_chewed_it_Kennedy_Swallow_Barn_P_405
20. smoked_it_in_their_corncob_pipes_Kennedy_Swallow_Barn_P_448
strap, often two, was the ration. Some of them chewed it and some of them smoked it in their corncob pipes, when tobacco was raised from the virgin soil. Each year a farmer would clear a small patch of ground, sufficient for the desires of his farm, and plant it in tobacco. The fragrance of the negro’s corncob pipe was notorious, and was due to the truth that no fertilizer had been utilized in developing his tobacco.
21. smoke
References:
Ranson, A. R. H. “Reminiscences of a Civil War Employees Officer By A Confederate Staff Officer, 1st Paper: Plantation Life in Virginia Prior to the War.” The Sewanee Assessment. Vol. 21, No. (4 Oct. 1913), pp. 428-447.
Ranson, A. R. H. “Reminiscences of a Civil War Employees Officer By A Confederate Staff Officer, 1st Paper: Plantation Life in Virginia Just before the War.” The Sewanee Overview.
Net Archives. archive.org 26 January 1997 Web. 20 January 2014.
archive.org 26 January 1997 Net. 20 January 2014.
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Image from web page 596 of “Hardware merchandising (January-June 1902)” (1902)
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Identifier: hardmerchjanjun1902toro
Title: Hardware merchandising (January-June 1902)
Year: 1902 (1900s)
Authors:
Subjects: Hardware industry Hardware Implements, utensils, etc Constructing
Publisher: Toronto :
Contributing Library: Fisher – University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: Algoma University, Trent University, Lakehead University, Laurentian University, Nipissing University, Ryerson University and University of Toronto Libraries
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Text Appearing Just before Image:
echanic in Shop Speak.Take each job that comes along, and situp nights figuring how spiral gears are tobe cut in a lathe, how milling is to be donewith a grinder, and various other things that will develop. Not only kinks, buttangles, will be among them. When folks come in and ask you if youcan fix a sewing machine, a wringer, a babycarriage, an umbrella or a watch, tell themyes, and take it, for if they are told acouple occasions that your shop is not justequipped for that particular job, they wontcome with the subsequent 1, and the other fellowwill get it. Do the perform somehow, andyou will locate that the saying, Necessity isthe Mother of Invention, is correct. Dontdo the straightforward component of a job and turn the restover to a shop with a larger gear, forthey will get the profit if you do, which issmall enough on the whole issue anyway,and you will come out in the hole. Bydoing the tough component is just how to discover. Start off up a repair shop to locate out howmany impossible jobs are feasible. £ •■:*»«
Text Appearing Right after Image:
130 CANADIAN HARDWARE AND METAL AN INGENIOUS MACHINE. THE accompanying illustration showsthe patent automatic lock seambody maker and soldering machine,which is manufactured by G. A.Crosby & Co., Limited, Sarnia, Ontario. Itis a single of the machines of their properly-knownautomatic can creating line, and which willproduce from 30,000 to 36,000 can bodies,side seam locked and soldered, in a tenhours run. This machine is one particular of the greatest im-provements of the age in can-makingmachinery. The body blanks are placed byan attendant on an automatic device whichcarries them into dies exactly where hooks areformed in the ends of the bodies whencethey are passing automatically to a kind-ing horn where they are formed with hooks to date in every single distinct. They are man-ufacturers of presses, dies and sheet-metalworking machinery, especially machineryfor manufacturing tin cans, either auto-matically or by hand. AMERICAN VS. ENGLISH MACHINERYIN CHINA. Apropos of the frequent announcementsgoing the rounds of
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